“Who first received the Baptism With the Holy Spirit (also referred to as the “Gift of the Holy Spirit”) on the Day of Pentecost has been debated by Bible students, theologians, and scholars for over one hundred years. Different views exist about whether the Holy Spirit was both promised and given to the apostles alone on the Day of Pentecost (the “Apostles-Only View”) or if all 120 followers of Jesus mentioned in Acts 1:15, or all the disciples of Jesus gathered, received the Holy Spirit. This article will examine the “Apostles-Only View” and challenge it on exegetical grounds. Before examining the claims made by the Apostles-Only advocates, I will continue to provide a well-researched overview of theologians’ perspectives throughout Church history, offering historical-theological context for the controversy. In Part One, we investigated theologians’ perspectives on the first recipients of the Gift of the Holy Spirit, spanning from the inception of the church through the Reformation Era. In Part Two, our exploration continued as we considered insights from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century. As we move into Part Three, which covers the nineteenth century, we discover the origins of the Apostles-Only Position. Now, in Part Four, we will examine twentieth-century viewpoints about who first received the Holy Spirit on Pentecost. Let’s eagerly move on to this next chapter!

Exploring the Historical Background (Part Four)

~ The Debate Continues ~

This section continues the ongoing discussion about who the original recipients of the Gift of the Holy Spirit were on the Day of Pentecost. Although John Chrysostom raised the question of who received the Holy Spirit in the fourth century, to my knowledge, there is no evidence that any theologian taught that only the Twelve Apostles received the Holy Spirit when the Spirit descended until the nineteenth century. Most of the nineteenth-century scholars we investigated concluded that 120 or more disciples received the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost. However, a new perspective emerged in the nineteenth century that sparked the ongoing modern controversy: the Apostles-Only position.

Twentieth Century (1900-1999)

As we explore the twentieth century, the diverse theological perspectives on our original topic come into focus. Let’s eagerly embark on this journey, beginning with E. M. Zerr!

E. M. Zerr (1877-1960)

E. M. Zerr — also known as Edward Michael Zerr — was born in Strasburg, Illinois. As a child, he lived in Missouri. At 17, he was baptized. During the late 1800s, he became involved in some local church work. For many years, Zerr conducted “Bible Readings” for churches of Christ throughout this country; he wrote articles for Christian journals and spent over 7 years writing his bible commentary. His most lasting contributions have been through his verse-by-verse study of the entire Bible, along with several hymns and smaller doctrinal studies. His influence has endured even after his passing on February 22, 1960.¹ In his commentary on Acts 1:5, Zerr posits that…

“When John predicted the baptism of the Holy Spirit (Mat 3:11), he also included that of fire. But he was talking to a mixed multitude, in which were some whom John knew would live and die in sin and finally be cast into the lake of fire. And there also were some in his audience who were destined to become apostles, and hence would receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit. John’s speech was addressed to the multitude as a whole. But when Jesus uttered the promise of this verse, he was talking to his apostles only, so it was unnecessary to say anything about the baptism of fire…”²

There is much to be said in response to Zerr’s quote, but I will save that for later in the article. However, I do want to highlight that, exegetically speaking, E. M. Zerr is speculating beyond the text. If you and I were examining Matthew 3 alone, it would be unlikely that we would conclude from verse 11 that John was secretly distinguishing between future apostles and those who would be condemned. Why is that? Because nothing in the passage explicitly states, “Some of you will receive fire” or “Some of you will receive the Holy Spirit.” This interpretation is not based on a careful analysis of the text; instead, it appears to be his reconstruction imposed on it.

In Acts 2:1, he mentions that…

“They is a pronoun that stands for the ‘apostles,’ the last word of the preceding chapter.”³

Is it true that all pronouns automatically refer back to the last noun mentioned? Zerr suggests that Luke must be following the common Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement rule, which states that a pronoun should refer directly back to the last noun or noun phrase, known as its antecedent. Is this an absolute rule in English or Greek grammar? Do Luke and the other authors of the New Testament prove this to be true? These questions will be explored in detail later in this article. More importantly, even if this rule is being practiced, does it provide sufficient evidence to support the apostles-only paradigm? From my perspective, the evidence still does not support it.

Our next theologian, Thomas Walker, disagrees with Zerr’s interpretation of these passages and supports a more traditional understanding of the texts relevant to this issue.

Thomas Walker (1881-1950)

The 20th-century Christian Biblical Writer/Commentator Thomas Walker (1881-1950) demonstrated a continuing interest in NT Interpretation, particularly in Acts and the Gospels, through his published writings. In theological bibliography, he is listed as the author of “The Acts of the Apostles” in the “Indian Church Commentaries Series,” Madras, 1910; and “Is Not This the Son of Joseph?”, A Study of the Infancy Narratives, London, 1937. The two works indicate that Walker was writing for both an ecclesiastical and educational audience by combining Exegetical Exposition with Historical/Jewish Background. Thomas Walker was a 20th-century Biblical Commentator who produced written commentaries/expositions concerning the NT, and is best known for these contributions.⁴ In his commentary on Acts 1:15, he writes:

“This verse shews very clearly that the Pentecostal baptism was by no means confined to the apostles. A considerable number of others, both men and women, shared it with them.”⁵

Additionally, he highlights the same point in Acts 2:1. The term “all” refers to…

“All the disciples assembled in Jerusalem (1:15), men and women, and not the apostles only. Notice the frequent reiteration of the word in this chapter (vv. 4, 7, 12, 14, 17, 21, 32, 36, 39, 43, 44, 45).”⁶

He holds a broader perspective beyond the apostles-only view, but doesn’t specify whether the total includes the 120 or more who initially received the Holy Spirit.

James Coffman, a Restorationist, offers further insights into the belief that only the apostles originally received the Gift of the Holy Spirit.

James Burton Coffman (1905–2006)

James Burton Coffman was a pastor/teacher/commentator in the Churches of Christ who had a long preaching career and an enormous commentary project, which earned him recognition as one of the most prominent Restoration Movement Bible Expositors of the twentieth century. In 1927, Coffman earned his Bachelor’s degree in History and Music from Abilene Christian University. Before becoming a full-time preacher in 1930, Coffman worked in education. Over more than 60 years of ministry, he preached regularly in congregations across Texas, Oklahoma, Washington, D.C., and New York City. He also led hundreds of Gospel Meetings. He is best remembered for leading churches in both Houston and Manhattan. Following retirement in 1971, he dedicated the remainder of his life to completing his commentary series on the complete Bible, which consisted of 37 volumes. The commentaries were completed by 1992 and are now published through ACU Press, but have been available for many years via online academic platforms. Today, these remain popular resources among conservative Churches of Christ Bible Study.⁷ Coffman presented a compelling argument that only the twelve apostles initially received the Holy Spirit.

“They were all together … Who were the ‘they’? Scholars disagree radically about this, but the conviction here is that the reference is to the Twelve. They were the only ones to whom Jesus had promised such an outpouring of the Spirit. Furthermore, Peter’s words (Acts 2:32) that ‘we are all witnesses’ of Christ’s resurrection can refer only to the Twelve because only two disciples were found among the whole one hundred and twenty who were eligible to join them as ‘witnesses.’ What the word ‘all’ surely means in Acts 2:32 must, therefore, be the meaning here. ‘We … all,’ as used by Peter, identifies the ‘they … all,’ as used here by Luke. Also, ‘numbered with the eleven apostles,’ as it stands at the end of Acts 1, requires ‘eleven apostles’ to be understood as the antecedent of ‘they’ in Acts 2:1…Another consideration is that the apostles had undergone a long preparation for the events of Pentecost, and there is no indication that the entire one hundred and twenty were thus prepared. The implications against understanding ‘they’ in this verse as inclusive of the one hundred and twenty are too formidable to be set aside.”⁸

While Coffman’s arguments are compelling, they lack important information, giving the impression that the argument is settled when, in reality, it relies on selective evidence. It leans heavily on one antecedent argument, overstates the exclusivity of the promise, treats Acts 2:32 as a controlling key when it may not be, confuses apostolic-office criteria with resurrection witness more broadly, and does not do full justice to Luke’s emphasis on the larger praying community or to Peter’s Joel citation about sons, daughters, and both male and female servants. I will explain this in great detail later.

Interestingly, Jacques Dupont, a Catholic exegete and Benedictine monk, supports a position similar to that of Coffman, Zerr, and McGarvey.

Jacques Dupont (1915–1998)

The work of Belgian Benedictine monk Jacques Dupont, Roman Catholic exegete and New Testament scholar, made him one of the most important twentieth-century interpreters of both the Synoptic tradition and the book of Acts/Luke. A monk at Saint-André de Clerlande in Belgium, he obtained his doctorate in theology from Louvain University in 1946. His major scholarly contribution was becoming one of the leading specialists in the Acts of the Apostles. In addition, Dupont participated in the preparation of the Bible de Jérusalem and authored numerous studies on the Beatitudes, the speeches in Acts, and the theological significance of the Gentile mission. Dupont’s contribution to biblical scholarship will be remembered for demonstrating how a deep concern for theological interpretation can be combined with a strong commitment to close, careful textual and literary analysis. One of the first notable modern discussions of the salvation of the Gentiles in Acts/Luke that provided this model was Dupont’s study “Le Salut des Gentils et la signification théologique du livre des Actes.”⁹ In this document, he mentions that…

“Luke has announced the Pentecost event ahead of time and reiterated the promise that is to be fulfilled when Pentecost comes (Luke 24:49; Acs 1:4-5, 8). But this promise is addressed only to the apostles.”¹⁰

Here, he clearly states that the promise of the Spirit was addressed solely to the apostles. Can this withstand exegetical scrutiny? No, it cannot.

Going forward, the Restorationist minister, Donald F. DeWelt, expresses a viewpoint that is similar to Dupont’s.

Donald F. DeWelt (1919-1991)

Donald F. DeWelt was an influential American Restoration Movement pastor, teacher, publisher, and Bible commentator who had an impact on mid-20th-century independent Christian Church and Church of Christ denominations. From 1957 until 1985, he taught at Ozark Bible College. He began publishing College Press in 1959 and developed a national reputation with the Bible Study Textbook series and other works, including Acts Made Actual and The Power of the Holy Spirit. Later accounts by those familiar with him describe him as particularly remembered for his role as a Bible teacher, writer/publisher, and leader in Christian higher education through classroom teaching, printing ministries, and academic leadership.¹¹ In his work Acts Made Actual, he explains that

“The fact that the antecedent of any pronoun is found by referring back to the nearest noun (or pronoun) with which it agrees in number, etc., clinches the argument of the baptism of only the apostles in the Holy Spirit.”¹²

This argument appears to be the most compelling evidence for the apostles-only perspective among its supporters. However, from this author’s viewpoint, it not only overlooks the broader understanding of the pronoun-antecedent grammar rule but also violates several principles of hermeneutics. We will explore this issue in detail in some future segments.

Now, let’s evaluate what Roy E. Gingrich taught on this topic.

Roy E. Gingrich (1920 – 2005)

The work of Roy E. Gingrich was that of a well-known Evangelical Pastor, Professor of Bible at several Bible Colleges, and Author who wrote over 100 “Outline” Commentaries on the Bible. Mr. Gingrich was born in Ozark, Illinois, and received a call into the Christian Ministry in 1941. He served as a Pastor in Mount Vernon, IL, then in Indianapolis, IN, before becoming the long-time Pastor of Faith Bible Church in Memphis, TN. It appears from other sources related to his writings that he earned his degree, magna cum laude, in 1963 from Crichton College and shortly thereafter began teaching there. He would serve as Pastor of Faith Bible Church in Memphis for nearly 40 years, while also serving as a Professor of Bible at Crichton College in Memphis. His most notable contributions were hundreds of books of commentary, including surveys and theological studies such as The New Testament Survey and Introduction to Theology. These works were written directly and concisely, using an outline format for Pastors, Teachers, and serious lay readers. As a result of serving as a Pastor for many years, teaching in a classroom setting, and writing extensively, Gingrich has become a recognized conservative dispensationalist voice in popular Bible Exposition.¹³ In his work, The Book of Acts, he discusses Acts 2:1 and writes about its significance.

“The disciples (the 120 spoken of in 1:15) were gathered with one accord in one place (probably in the upper room mentioned in 1:13) on the Day of Pentecost.”¹⁴

While I agree with the viewpoint that does not support the apostles’ only perspective, I understand Scripture to show that more than 120 initially received the Spirit on Pentecost.

Let’s see what Albert Garner has to say.

Albert Garner (1920-2007)

Albert Garner was a well-known Missionary Baptist minister, theologian, writer, and educator who became a significant figure within the Landmark and Missionary Baptist movements in America from the mid-twentieth century until his death. Born to John and Alice (née Wilson) Garner in Cross County, AR, on Aug. 1, 1920, Garner received his Christian education within the Missionary Baptist Church. Garner’s identity emerged through his work as a pastor, through public theological debate, and through an impressive output of written materials. According to various Arkansas histories, he was among the first graduates of Missionary Baptist Seminary and also founded Florida Baptist Schools. In addition to being identified as a notable participant in public debates, holding to a more conservative Baptist stand. In addition to writing the multivolume Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary, he is most remembered for his role as a teacher, debater, and representative of conservative Baptist denominations.¹⁵ In his commentary, Garner explains who was to receive the baptism in the Holy Spirit.

“‘But you all will be baptized in (the) Holy Spirit;’ both with and in the Holy Spirit. This points to the overwhelming, empowering, immersing with and in the Holy Spirit of promise that came on Pentecost, as prophesied and promised, by John the Baptist and by Jesus, Matthew 3:11; Luke 3:16; Luke 24:49; John 14:16-17. The ‘ye’ refers not to the Apostles restrictedly, but to the church as an Institution that was baptized, immersed, endued once for all, for her world-wide and age-long work, beginning at Jerusalem.”¹⁶

Albert Garner is the first to articulate the “Institutional” argument. If this argument were the only explanation for the events of the Day of Pentecost, there would be little reason for Luke to recount instances of individuals receiving the Holy Spirit in other passages of the Book of Acts, as that would be redundant. A more refined perspective suggests that while the Holy Spirit descended upon the first gathering of the Church, it does not mean that every person who joins the Church automatically receives the Holy Spirit. Instead, this initial event indicates that the Holy Spirit is now available to all members of the Church. Just as the first disciples had to wait to receive the Gift of the Holy Spirit, so do all others. Therefore, this gift should not be understood as a one-time occurrence for the Church, but rather as a free gift that is accessible to individual believers in every generation since Pentecost.

Our next theologian, John Stott, is well-known in Evangelical circles. Let’s explore his perspective.

John R. W. Stott (1921–2011)

John R. W. Stott was an Anglican pastor, evangelist, theologian, and writer who was one of the most important voices for modern-day global evangelicalism through his writings, sermons, and organizational leadership throughout the last century. John R. W. Stott was born in England, educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge; Ridley Hall, Cambridge; and was ordained as a deacon in 1945. He served as the Assistant Curate at All Souls, Langham Place in London from 1945-50, and then as the rector from 1950-75. After serving as rector, Stott continued as the rector emeritus at All Souls, Langham Place until his death. In addition to his local parish ministry, John R. W. Stott emerged as a prominent figure in international evangelicalism by establishing Langham Partnership and by helping draft and organize the 1974 Lausanne Congress. At this congress, he led the drafting committee for the Lausanne Covenant and is frequently referred to as its primary architect. John R. W. Stott wrote over 50 books on Christian theology and practice, such as Basic Christianity and The Cross of Christ. Through his roles as preacher, teacher/expositor, and statesman, John R. W. Stott established himself as one of the leaders of contemporary evangelicalism, a figure who will continue to be heard across both academic institutions and churches.¹⁷ John Stott succinctly speaks against the Apostles-Only position here:

“For they must not imagine that the Pentecostal gift was for the apostles alone, or for the 120 disciples who had waited ten days for the Spirit to come, or for any élitist group, or even for that nation or that generation alone. God had placed no such limitations on his offer and gift.”¹⁸

I wholeheartedly agree with John Stott’s insightful observation that the Holy Spirit’s gift extends beyond the apostles’ generation. It’s truly inspiring to recognize this ongoing blessing! Yes, indeed, let us celebrate this profound truth together!

Our next theologian is well known within Evangelicalism as well and may be the first evangelical to advocate the apostles-only position – Norman Geisler. Until now, most teachers of the apostles-only paradigm have come from the Restorationist theological stream.

Joe Jackson Hisle (1922–2009)

Joe Jackson Hisle was an evangelist in the Church of Christ, a preacher and author of sermons, and a Bible commentator. His public service focused primarily on congregational preaching and gospel meetings rather than on holding a formal professorship. He grew up in Allen, Oklahoma, attended school in Ada, graduated from high school there, studied for three years at East Central College, was drafted into the U.S. Army Air Corps during WWII, and ran his brother’s equipment company. For over thirty years, he had remained a long-time member of the church where he attended college. Among other things, within restoration movement circles, he is well known for a commentary on the Acts of the Apostles that he authored in 2002 and published by Contending for the Faith Publications, as well as for the sermon collection Let No Man Despise Thy Youth. The publisher refers to him as one of the most sought-after gospel-meeting evangelists in the United States and as having preached the gospel for nearly 50 years. His sermons are still widely available today on archived pages of the church where he studied, as well as on Let the Bible Speak.¹⁹ In reference to the “they” mentioned in Acts 2:1, he wrote,

“They were all with one accord: It is important to determine who “they” are because these are the ones who will receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit.” There are at least three different ideas as to who “they” might be. Some would say “they,” who receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit, include the apostles, the 120 disciples, plus several thousand Jews who become involved in this event. Others tell us “they” are the apostles plus the 120 disciples who are waiting in the upper room. Neither of these ideas is correct. To determine who “they” are, all one must do is to back up to the last verse of chapter one and read through the first verse of chapter two. And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the Eleven Apostles. And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place (emphasis mine-J H). From this reading it is plain to see that “they” refers to Matthias, the new apostle, and the eleven original apostles. After all, the apostles are the ones to whom the Holy Spirit is promised. It should also be remembered the original manuscript is not divided into chapters and verses; therefore, there would have been no confusion to early readers of Luke’s account (see notes on 1:8.).”²⁰

The issue of whether all pronouns refer back to the last-mentioned noun is a key point for advocates of Apostles-Only belief. Again, is this an absolute rule in English or Greek grammar? Do Luke and the other authors of the New Testament support this claim? These questions will be explored in detail later in this article.

In the notes on Acts 1:8, he states…

“But ye shall: This phrase tells us who is to receive “power.” This verse is often used by charismatic preachers to teach that “power” and the “Holy Ghost” are promised to all believers today. This idea is a misapplication of scripture and contrary to what is taught. “Ye” is a pronoun; for it to have value, it must have a noun for which it stands. All we have to do to determine to whom “ye” refers is to review the preceding verses. We find the noun for which “ye” stands in verse 2. The “ye” who “shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you, ” are the apostles.”²¹

Hisle presents a pronoun-antecedent argument that initially seems strong. In this article, we will conduct a thorough analysis of this argument to ensure readers are not misled again. For now, let’s proceed with the historical material.

Our next theologian, Jay E. Adams, the originator of nousthetic counseling, addresses the recipients of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost.

Jay E. Adams (1929–2020)

Jay E. Adams was an American Reformed theologian, minister, seminary professor, and author, best known as the originator of nouthetic counseling. Nouthetic counseling is a type of Pastoral Care based on the idea that Scripture is sufficient for all things in life, unlike many other forms of counseling, which are grounded in secular psychological theories. E. Adams was born in Baltimore, MD. While teaching homiletics, pastoral theology, and biblical counseling at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, he would go on to help develop the Doctor of Ministry in Homiletics program at Westminster Theological Seminary in California. He co-founded several organizations, including the Christian Counseling & Education Foundation (CCEF), the National Association of Nouthetic Counselors (NANC, now known as the Association of Certified Biblical Counselors or ACBC), and the Institute for Nouthetic Studies. In 1970, he wrote “Competent to Counsel,” which has been widely regarded as the primary source that began the modern biblical counseling movement. Throughout the remainder of his ministry, he wrote over 100 books on counseling, preaching, theology, and living as a Christian.²²

“The tongues of fire were the sign of the power with which [the Spirit’s descent was enduing them]. This was the reception of the power mentioned in 1:8. The filling of the Spirit was universal; all 120 received it.”²³

I agree with him that the filling of the Spirit was universal. It was not just for the Apostles.

Our next theologian is well known and may be the first evangelical to advocate the apostles-only position: Norman Geisler. Until now, most advocates have come from the Restorationist theological camp.

Norman Geisler (1932-2019)

Norman L. Geisler was a renowned American evangelistic theologian, philosopher, apologist, and educator who was the most productive and influential defender of biblically based classical Christian apologeticism and conservative Protestant advocacy of inerrant scripture from the late twentieth century through the early twenty-first century. Geisler was born on July 21, 1932, in Warren, Michigan. He studied theology and philosophy at Wheaton College and William Tyndale College and earned his PhD from Loyola University Chicago. Throughout his career, Geisler taught at several institutions, including Detroit Bible College, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Trinity College, and Dallas Theological Seminary; he also co-founded both Southern Evangelical Seminary and Veritas Evangelical Seminary. He is perhaps best known for defending Christianity’s fundamental tenets, which include theism, the historic Christian faith, and the complete authority of scripture through publications such as Christian Apologetics, Systematic Theology, and I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist (co-authored with Frank Turek); additionally, he was instrumental in drafting the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy. As a teacher, debater, and author of numerous books, Geisler has had a profound impact on evangelical theology, apologetics, and conservative exegesis.²⁴ For our purposes, we refer to what he wrote in appendix one, titled “Only the Apostles Spoke in Tongues at Pentecost,” of his Systematic Theology. He states that…

“At Pentecost, the gift of tongues apparently was given only to the twelve apostles, not to all the disciples. This is supported by the following evidence. First, only apostles were promised before Pentecost: ‘You will be baptized with the Holy Spirit’ (Acts 1: 5). It is clear from the context that ‘you’ refers to ‘the apostles’ (v. 2). Second, the ‘they’ (2: 1) on whom the Holy Spirit fell refers back to the previous verse, namely, the ‘apostles’ (1: 26). Third, likewise, “they” and ‘them’ (2:3) on whom tongues of fire fell refer to the same ‘apostles.’”²⁵

I was quite surprised when I read his article about presenting his case for the apostles-only position. From my perspective, he completely overlooks standard exegetical and hermeneutical principles. His points are easily addressed, and I plan to respond to them in detail—leaving no stone unturned in future exegetical segments of this article.

For the first time in history, a Calvinist has a positive view of the apostles’ only position. Let’s explore what Presbyterian theologian Francis Nigel Lee suggests.

Francis Nigel Lee (1934–2011)

Francis Nigel Lee was a British-born minister, theologian, teacher, and writer who wrote on the subjects of Theology, Philosophy, Church History, Apologetics, and Eschatology. Lee was born in Kendal, Westmorland, in 1934. At a young age, he moved to South Africa and received his education there. Lee became a Protestant Christian in 1957. After completing degrees at the University of Cape Town, the University of Stellenbosch, and the University of the Free State, he worked in South Africa, the USA, and Australia in pastoral, academic, and editing capacities. He was primarily recognized for his involvement in Confessional Reformed Theology, Historicist Eschatology, and Postmillennialism, as well as for publishing and/or writing an enormous number of works, both published and unpublished. Sources for the Archives and Obituaries report that Lee served in the Presbyterian Church in America, taught at multiple educational institutions, and worked in Queensland, where he exerted significant influence on Conservative Reformed circles.²⁶

Although I cannot find a direct quote, the author implies this perspective in his book, Calvinism on the Holy Spirit: John Calvin on the Constant Need to Keep on Being Filled with the Spirit, where he mentions that only the disciples initially received the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost.²⁷

Although his position is not discussed in depth, it seems to have opened the door for those who adhere to the apostles-only position, particularly in the Calvinistic camp.

The next theologian to join this discussion is the Scottish theologian I. Howard Marshall.

I. Howard Marshall (1934–2015)

Howard Marshall was a Scottish New Testament Scholar. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential evangelical scholars of the latter half of the 20th Century in the interpretation of the New Testament. Marshall’s education took place at Cambridge University and at the University of Aberdeen. Following this, he worked as a lecturer in New Testament at Aberdeen from 1964 until 1999, when he retired. After retiring, Marshall received two professorial appointments: Emeritus Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Honorary Research Professor. Marshall concentrated his scholarly endeavors primarily around three areas: Luke-Acts, the Pastorals, and New Testament Theology. In addition to these specific areas, Marshall also provided broad academic leadership through involvement as Chair of the Tyndale Fellowship for Biblical and Theological Research; President of the British New Testament Society; and Chairman of the Fellowship of European Evangelical Theologians. Marshall achieved prominence within academia and the Church through major publications, including The Gospel of Luke, Acts, Luke: Historian and Theologian, and New Testament Theology: Many Witnesses, One Gospel.²⁸ In reference to the “all” in Acts 2:1, he states

“The whole company of 120 people is doubtless meant, and not just the reconstituted twelve apostles.”²⁹

Next, we have another advocate for the apostles-only paradigm: Richard H. Snell.

Richard H. Snell (1934-2014)

Richard H. Snell was an internet writer and Bible teacher for the Church of Christ, with articles on the Lexington Church of Christ website. The articles included “Who Were Baptized In The Holy Spirit On The Day Of Pentecost?” and “The Veil of the Tabernacle and the Great Controversy as Taught by E. G. White and the Seventh Day Adventists.” Those articles show Snell to be a conservative restorationist author writing on topics such as biblical exposition, doctrinal controversy, and close argument from scripture. He is a well-known twentieth-century religious writer in the Church of Christ who wrote apologetic and exegetical essays to defend the faith and explain doctrine, rather than being known for a large public profile in academia or church government.³⁰ While he has written extensively on this topic, other theologians have presented similar arguments previously. So, I will focus on his claim that only the apostles were promised the Holy Spirit here. He posits that

“The promise made by John the baptizer quite likely was directed to the future apostles of Christ who were in his audience.”³¹

While it is likely that the future apostles were present in the audience of John the Baptizer, this does not imply that they were the only ones to whom John directed his message. Adding to his thoughts, he writes…

“The more specific promise was made by Jesus Himself. Made two separate times, this promise of the baptism in the Holy Spirit was given to only the apostles.“³²

Let’s consider an important question: Does Acts one encompass the entire narrative of Scripture for this period? If not, could it be that selective passages are being chosen to support a preconceived idea? As we’ll explore, this viewpoint seems to contrast sharply with the clear teachings of the New Testament.

Carl A. Allen, another Restorationist, conveys the same teachings as Snell.

Carl A. Allen (1935 – 2022)

Carl A. Allen, a Churches of Christ evangelist, writer, and Bible teacher, has developed his public ministry through speaking, debating, and conservative, expositional biblical teaching. He was raised in Ada, Oklahoma; baptized into the church in 1959; completed high school at Ada High School in 1966; received a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and Sociology from East Central University in 1970; and was ordained to the office of Evangelist in 1970 by the Church of Christ in Ada. As an Evangelist, Mr. Allen has been involved in gospel meeting work throughout much of his career; he has frequently participated in Preacher Studies and has written articles on various doctrines and exegesis for publications such as Truth Magazine, LaVista Church of Christ, and other outlets of the Restoration Movement. From his writings made available to the general public, he continues to address areas of controversy, such as baptism by the Holy Ghost, the nature of doctrine, preterism, marriage, and related topics, making him a recognized voice among conservative teachers in Churches of Christ.³³ Carl Allen contends that

“In Acts 1:2, the word ‘ apostles’ is used, and the ‘them’ in Acts 1:3 refers to the apostles. So, also, is the pronoun ‘you’ found in Acts 1:4. It is said to the apostles, Acts 1:5, ‘for John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit not many days hence.” This promise is made to the apostles.’”³⁴

I have previously addressed the pronoun-antecedent argument in a mild manner. The details will be coming soon. He continues to express his thoughts.

“I have been told… that the 120 in Acts 1:15 received the ‘Baptism of the Holy Spirit!’ All one has to do is look at the context of Acts 1-6, and he can see clearly that the 120 did not receive the ‘Baptism of the Holy Spirit… In Acts 1:2, the word Apostles is used and the ‘them’ in Acts 1:3 refers to the apostles. So, also, is the pronoun ‘you’ found in Acts 1:4. It is said to the apostles, Acts 1:5, ‘for John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit not many days hence.’ This promise is made to the apostles.³⁵

He further contends,

“I cannot but notice that in Acts 2:14 Peter “standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and “spake” forth unto them.” The ones that “spake” were the ones who were filled with “Holy Spirit,” v. 4 and the ones that “spake” were the “eleven,” (Peter would make twelve): So it was the twelve that “spake” in tongues and it was the twelve that “spake” after the Holy Spirit was given; so we conclude that it was the twelve that received the “Baptism of the Holy Spirit.”³⁶

These arguments are quite similar. Readers will later appreciate a more in-depth answer regarding this point. A significant aspect of Carl A. Allen’s exegetical issue is his neglect of the full context, particularly in Luke 24.

Let’s explore Richard B. Gaffin’s insights on the topic, drawing from his perspective as a Reformed scholar.

Richard B. Gaffin Jr (1936 – )

Richard B. Gaffin Jr. is a prominent Reformed theologian who serves as an Orthodox Presbyterian pastor and professor emeritus. His contributions have helped establish him as a leading representative of Westminster biblical theology since the late 20th century and into the 21st century. As a child of Orthodox Presbyterian missionaries in Peiping (now Beijing), China, Gaffin grew up and attended college at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, MI. After that, he received his Master of Divinity (M.Div.) degree from Westminster Theological Seminary. He then went to Germany, where he received his Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen. Gaffin became a member of the faculty at Westminster Theological Seminary in 1965, after which he taught for many years, ultimately taking the Charles Krahe Chair of Biblical and Systematic Theology. He currently holds the title Professor Emeritus of Biblical and Systematic Theology.³⁷ Richard Gavin asserts that,

“It needs to be stressed that Acts 1: 8 is not addressed indiscriminately to all believers, regardless of time and place, but directly only to the apostles (cf. v. 2 where the “you” of v. 8 is explicitly identified as the apostles).”³⁸

As those quoted earlier do, the apostles-only advocates make the pronoun-antecedent argument a key focus. While it initially appears that Richard Gaffin is employing the context principle to bolster his stance, a comprehensive examination will ultimately reveal its limitations. I look forward to sharing further insights that will clarify this perspective and highlight the need for a more robust argument.

Wayne Jackson, another Restorationist, agrees with Richard Gaffin.

Wayne Jackson (1937 – 2020)

Wayne Jackson, Churches of Christ preacher, apologist, and author/editor, who influenced many in conservative restoration movement circles through the pulpits, publications & writings on biblical apologetics. The public biography indicates he was born in Goodlettsville, Tennessee; worked at the church in Delta, CO; then preached at the East Main Street congregation in Stockton, CA from 1961. According to these same sources, he received an AA degree from Stockton College, a BA from Sacramento Baptist College, and an MA from the Alabama Christian School of Religion. Additionally, Jackson co-founded and served as long-time editor of the Christian Courier. Beginning publication in May 1965. He authored over thirty books on biblical/apologetic/theological subjects, as well as on numerous other topics such as science/creation, prophecy/government, and Acts. In this manner, both by working in a local congregation and by publishing consistently, Jackson has become one of the best-known authors/ministers within churches, with his writing and views spreading far beyond his individual congregation.³⁹

“Several centuries before the birth of Christ, the prophet Joel announced a coming era when Jehovah would “pour out [his] Spirit upon all flesh” (Joel 2:28-29). New Testament evidence demonstrates that the prophecy had a first application to the apostles of Christ (cf. Acts 2:16 ff). The “all flesh” expression (suggesting both Jews and Gentiles) points to the events at the household of Cornelius (Acts 10). John the Baptist also foretold that some would be “baptized” in the Holy Spirit, and Luke identifies the recipients as the apostles (Acts 1:2, 4-5, 8).”⁴⁰

All evidence considered, no, the first application of the prophecy was not just for the apostles alone; it was applied to all the disciples and followers of Christ who were gathered together, waiting and praying for the Gift of the Holy Spirit. This fact will be proven conclusively in a future segment.

The next theologian takes a position diametrically opposed to Wayne Jackson’s views.

John B. Polhill (1939 – )

John B. Polhill is a Baptist New Testament scholar who has taught for many years. His scholarly contributions to the fields of Luke-Acts and Paul have had a considerable impact. Mr. Polhill received his Bachelor’s degree from the University of Richmond and both Master of Divinity and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He also attended other graduate schools, including Harvard Divinity School, the University of St. Andrews, Princeton Theological Seminary, and the University of California-Berkeley. He began teaching at Southern Seminary in 1969 and was appointed to the James Buchanan Harrison Chair of New Testament Interpretation. At Southern, he also became Senior Professor of New Testament Interpretation. Dr. Polhill is most well-known nationally for his Acts commentary (New American Commentary) and his book on Paul and His Letters. In addition to these two books, Dr. Polhill has written or edited several reference materials, contributed to denominational publications, and authored numerous articles. As an active participant in both the Society of Biblical Literature and the National Association of Baptist Professors of Religion, Dr. Polhill has practiced what he teaches by serving as a senior pastor for churches in Virginia, Kentucky, and Massachusetts throughout his career.⁴¹ He explains his view on this question quite clearly,

“Who were the people gathered in the upper room? On whom did the Spirit descend? Was it the 120 mentioned in 1:15 or only the Twelve Apostles? In 2:14 Luke mentioned only the Twelve, but there it probably was to connect them with Peter’s speech, which appealed to their special role as eyewitnesses to the resurrection (2:32). The presence of the large crowd testifying to the witness of the Spirit-filled Christians (2:6–11) would indicate that the full 120 were involved, as would the text Peter quoted from Joel that refers to women as well as men prophesying (2:17–18)… Perhaps the clearest indication that the entire 120 received the Spirit at Pentecost is Joel’s inclusion of daughters as well as sons—all were prophesying. Joel undoubtedly had seen the Spirit’s outpouring only as a gift to Israel, and perhaps many of those Jewish-Christians at Pentecost saw it the same way. The remainder of Acts clarifies that the promise applies to the Gentiles as well: it is indeed poured out on ‘all people.'”⁴²

I agree with John Polhill that the initial outpouring of the Holy Spirit included more than just the apostles.

Ron Graham expresses his viewpoint, which aligns with Wayne Jackson’s.

Ron Graham (c. 1940 – )

Ron Graham is a preacher/teacher/writer for the Churches of Christ; best known as the preacher and webmaster for simplybible.com (also referred to on the website as “Simply Christians Australia”). In addition to describing his role as the author/webmaster, Graham provides information about his ministry in his bio section on the author’s page. He indicates he has been serving for approximately sixty years. Additionally, he states that he became a Christian at a very young age and began preaching by age nineteen. Moreover, he explains that the initial seven years of support were provided to him by the 11th and Birdwell Church of Christ in Big Spring, Texas. Further, the author’s page portrays Graham’s ministry as a combination of both supported preaching and secular employment. Finally, it identifies Graham’s ministry primarily within Australian Churches of Christ, with publications, video-teaching, missionary service in Vanuatu, and pulpit service at the Bundaberg church of Christ. According to Graham, he retired from pulpit service in May 2017 to focus all his time on developing simplybible.com. Graham stated that simplybible.com currently includes over 1,600 Bible study pages and has archived decades of his teachings. As such, his body of published works include: verse-by-verse studies on Acts and topical studies on subjects such as the Holy Spirit, the church, prophecy and Christian living; therefore, he can be most appropriately defined as a church based Bible teacher/study writer who has disseminated his influence via preaching, multiple distributed teaching ministries and an extensive independent online resource for students rather than via traditional academic appointments.⁴³

“Jesus gave orders to the apostles whom he had chosen” (Acts 1:2), and it was to them that he promised the baptism of the Holy Spirit and the consequent power (Acts 1:4­-8).”⁴⁴

This is nothing new to this investigation. My thoughts are clear on the matter.

Windell Gann, a minister of the Church of Christ, supports the apostles-only position.

Windell Gann (1941 – )

Windell Gann is a Bible teacher and a Churches of Christ minister whose mission work has focused on congregational preaching, classroom study, and the production of study materials for Sunday school classes and individual readers. Public information from rogersville church of Christ indicates that he served more than forty years as a pulpit minister to various Sunday schools in Ohio and Alabama; served as the pulpit minister at rogersville church of Christ since 1986; retired from his position at rogersville church of Christ in 2006, but continues to teach bible classes and serve when needed. Information from Rogersville also shows that Gann holds several degrees in biblical studies and has a background in religious education. Windell Gann is also known for providing a substantial amount of free bible study materials, including sermon outlines, bible study lesson sheets, “Walking Through the Bible” resources, PowerPoint sermons, and a verse-by-verse commentary covering Acts through Revelation, which have been available on his website, the resource section of the Rogersville congregation’s website, and StudyLight. A historical account of the Fairfield/Faulkner area of Fairfield Township, Fayette County, Ohio, also notes that he began his preaching work there in 1961, following his graduation from Freed-Hamman College (and his marriage to Mary Ann) in 1963. Together, these sources present Gann as a practical Restoration Movement bible study teacher whose influence will come not so much through formal academic publications but rather through durable church-based bible study tools and commentary.⁴⁵ According to Windell Gann,

“The proper antecedent of this pronoun is the Apostles, Acts 1:26 the last word (also last word in the Greek) in the previous verse. Some false doctrine have arise believing the entire 120 were speaking in tongues but this does not hold up under a close scrutiny of the scriptures.”⁴⁶

This is the same main argument presented by all advocates of the apostles-only perspective.

Next, we will explore the brief comment Professor Grant Osborne has to say about this topic.

Grant R. Osborne (1942–2018)

Grant R. Osborne, an American evangelical New Testament scholar, made important contributions to the study of biblical hermeneutics, the Gospels, Revelation, and evangelical commentary. Osborne attended Fort Wayne Bible College, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, and the University of Aberdeen. There, Osborne completed his PhD. For many years, he taught at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. As such, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School remembers him as one of its professors. His most notable works are The Hermeneutical Spiral, a widely read book on interpreting Scripture that won the 1993 Christianity Today Critics’ Choice Award, and commentaries on Matthew, Revelation, Romans, 1-3 John, and Hebrews. In addition, Osborne worked with Tyndale’s Bible Translation Committee on the New Living Translation, serving as the senior translator for the Gospels and Acts; this provides further evidence of his scholarly stature. Further proof of his scholarly stature can be found in the 2013 festschrift, On the Writing of New Testament Commentaries. ⁴⁷

Finally, the promised day (Luke 24:49; Acts 1:4) arrives, and the saints (the 120 of 1:15) are still gathered in the upper room awaiting the expected event.⁴⁸

He suggests that more than the apostles were awaiting the promised Holy Spirit, indicating that he believes additional individuals, beyond just the twelve apostles, received the Holy Spirit on Pentecost.

Biblical scholar Lee McDonald concurs.

Lee Martin McDonald (1942 – )

Lee Martin McDonald is an American New Testament scholar whose research on early Christianity and its role in the development of canonical authority and the canonization process has significantly impacted the study of early Christianity and canon formation. Lee M. McDonald received a Ph.D. in New Testament studies from the University of Edinburgh (1976) and later earned a Th.M. from Harvard University. Over the years, Lee McDonald served as President Emeritus and Professor of New Testament Studies at Acadia Divinity College, as Dean of the Faculty of Theology at Acadia University, and as past president of the Institute for Biblical Research. In addition to these positions, Lee McDonald has taught or lectured at many other schools, including Fuller Theological Seminary, Princeton Theological Seminary, and Sioux Falls Seminary. His most notable contributions are through his writing, which include, but are not limited to, The Formation of the Christian Biblical Canon, The Canon Debate, The Origin of the Bible, and Before There Was a Bible. Recent author profiles describe him as having authored or edited more than 30 books with around 160 articles/essays. This extensive scholarship has helped make him one of the most recognized evangelical voices on the origins and formation of the biblical canon.⁴⁹ Pointing out what is written in Acts 2:1, he writes,

The “all” refers to the whole assembly of 120 rather than only to the Twelve (1:15), and the Holy Spirit came upon all of them.⁵⁰

I believe that “all” refers to all the disciples of Christ who were gathered, waiting for the promised Holy Spirit.

Next is David Peterson, who also holds the same view as Lee McDonald.

David G. Peterson (1944 – )

David G. Peterson is a theologian who specializes in New Testament studies. He is also an ordained Anglican priest. His research has had a significant influence on the study of Luke-Acts, the book of Hebrews, the theology of St. Paul, the doctrine of Christian holiness (or sanctification), and the biblical theology of worship. Dr. Peterson was an emeritus professor at Moore Theological College in Sydney and still occasionally teaches there. Moore indicates that Dr. Peterson holds the degrees ThL, BA, MA (Sydney), BD (London), ThSchol, and PhD (Manchester). Dr. Peterson was Principal of Oak Hill College in London from 1996 through 2007. His Profile indicates that he has engaged in pastoral ministry in the Dioceses of Sydney, Chester, and London. Dr. Peterson’s most notable scholarly contributions are: The Acts of the Apostles in the Pillars New Testament Commentary Series; Romans in the New Testament. David Peterson shares Lee McDonald’s view. Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary Series: Engaging With God, Possessed By God, Transformed By God, and Hebrews and Perfection. By combining the roles of institutional leader, ordained pastor, and prolific author, Dr. Peterson has established himself as one of the most well-known and respected evangelical scholars, whose scholarship demonstrates both careful attention to detail in textual analysis and a connection to the broader theological concerns of the Church. ⁵¹

“Despite the prominence of the Twelve in the preceding chapter, it is likely that those gathered together included the 120 disciples mentioned in 1:15.”⁵²

Again, my conviction is that a clear exegetical analysis of the text supports that “all” refers to all the disciples of Christ who were gathered, waiting for the promised Holy Spirit.

Ben Witherington III shares the same perspective on this issue.

Ben Witherington III (1951 – )

Ben Witherington III is a New Testament scholar who has had a major impact in the study of the historical Jesus, Paul’s writings, and the field of socio-rhetorical exegesis. Dr. Witherington graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (BA), Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (MDiv.), and the University of Durham (PhD., 1981; emphasis was in New Testament Theology) under C.K. Barrett. His teaching experience includes time at High Point College, Duke Divinity School, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, and Ashland Theological Seminary, and he has served as the Jean R. Amos Professor of New Testament for Doctoral Studies at Asbury Theological Seminary since 1995. Dr. Witherington has authored over sixty books. He has authored commentaries for every book in the New Testament. Books like The Jesus Quest and The Paul Quest have established Dr. Witherington as an authority in providing the scholarly community with historically informed, literarily interpreted, and theologically relevant interpretations of scripture that are easily understood by both scholars and those reading in churches.⁵³ He rightly says

“There is no indication that this phenomenon was only experienced by the Twelve as some sort of empowerment for leadership. To the contrary, what follows in Peter’s speech suggests the Spirit empowers the witness of all God’s people, including those of lowest social status. All in the room were filled with the Spirit and began to speak in ‘other tongues’ as the Spirit gave them utterance.”⁵⁴

In my opinion, Ben Witherington is entirely correct.

In agreement with Geisler, Gaffin, and Snell, another Restorationist, Dave Mille, supports their viewpoint.

Dave Miller (1953 – )

Dave Miller (born 1953) is an apologist, author, and Bible teacher for the Churches of Christ who has been influential among conservative Restoration Movement thinkers regarding evidentialism in Christianity, authority of Scripture, church identity, and contemporary morality. From his Apologetics Press page, it appears that Mr. Miller obtained degrees at the following institutions: Lubbock Christian University, Texas Tech University, Harding School of Theology, and Southern Illinois University (where he earned his doctorate in rhetoric and public address). The same source(s) note that Mr. Miller has worked on a full-time basis for Apologetics Press since 2002, with 18 years as Executive Director from 2005 through 2023. Following his retirement from this position, he remained employed by the organization as a staff writer and consultant. Mr. Miller has authored many booklets, study guides, and other works. Among these are: “The Quran Unveiled”, “What the Bible Says About the Church of Christ”, “Surrendering to His Lordship”, “The Silencing of God”, and “Why People Suffer”.⁵⁵ He teaches that…

“John [the baptizer] was not addressing a Christian audience. He was speaking to Jews. Nothing in the context allows the interpreter to distinguish John’s intended recipients of the promise of Holy Spirit baptism—whether all humans, all Jews, all Christians, or merely some of those in one or more of these categories. Likewise, the exact recipients of the baptism of fire (i.e., hell) are not specified. However, as is often the case in the Bible, the specific recipients of this promise are clarified in later passages… Jesus specifically and explicitly identified the Holy Spirit baptism that He would administer (in keeping with John’s prediction) would take place within a few days and would be confined to the apostles.”⁵⁶

While the specific recipients of the promise of the Holy Spirit and the baptism of fire are not specified, there are no passages limiting either of those events to the apostles alone.

Let’s examine what Robert S. Liichow, the leader of Discernment Ministries, says about this topic.

Robert S. Liichow (1956-2014)

The late Robert S. Liichow was an author, speaker, and ministry consultant for discernment ministries. He is probably best known for founding the apologetic/polemical ministry Discernment Ministries International, whose purpose is “to teach Truth and expose Error.” Ministry materials report that Mr. Liichow attended the University of Michigan and then became heavily involved in the Charismatics and related expressions, such as the Word-of-Faith movement, Prophetic, Apostolic, Signs and Wonders, and Discipleship Movements. Those same ministry reports also say that both Mr. Liichow and his wife, Tracy, eventually exited the charismatic extreme movement after attending Michigan Theological Seminary, completing a Master’s Degree. In addition to being described as a prolific writer, church consultant, exit counselor, and a frequent radio guest, other public accounts state that Mr. Liichow later studied at Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne. Criticisms of Charismatic manifestations and revivals are commonly associated with Mr. Liichow’s work through Discernment Ministries International and in two of his writings entitled Blessing or Judgment? The Origins of Manifestations in the Church (2002), and The Two Roots of Today’s Revival (1997). Finally, publicly available documents show that by February 2014, he had passed away when his sister Donna L. Hurlbert posted his name on her obituary as one of several deceased brothers.⁵⁷ Commenting on Acts 2:1, he states

“The ‘they’ being spoken of are the same ‘they’ Luke referred to in his Gospel account. There is nothing that indicates that the 120 other people gathered in that room were also recipients of that vocal gift. There is nothing stated anywhere in the Book of Acts that states or intimates anyone other than the apostles initially received this spiritual ability.”⁵⁸

This statement can be quite amusing for those who have studied the relevant passages in depth, but it may also reveal his own bias. It’s important to note that the group referred to as “they” by Luke includes more than just the twelve disciples, as Luke 24:33-36 clearly shows. Why would he ignore the narrative information in the passage? We will explicitly demonstrate this later. Remember to read the text slowly.

Our last theologian for this section is Mark Dunagan, who agrees with Robert Liichow.

Mark Dunagan (c. 1958 – )

Mark Dunagan is a modern-day Bible commentator and teacher in the Churches of Christ who has created extensive free commentaries to assist in the study and teaching of scripture. According to publicly available ministry profiles, Mark has been involved in preaching and teaching since the early 1980’s; additionally, Mark has been associated with the Beaverton Church of Christ in Oregon for many years. The commentaries have been published on his website and at other locations, such as StudyLight and SermonIndex, and are presented as multi-volume works covering the entire Bible. He uses a practical-expositional approach in each volume, combining textual analysis, cross-referencing, and direct applications from the text. In addition to his commentaries, he also offers additional resources through his teaching ministry in audio, video, and online formats. As a result of this effort, Mark has become a recognized figure in conservative circles of the Restoration Movement as an author committed to providing an easy-to-understand, all-encompassing presentation of the Bible.⁵⁸ In the Acts 2 section of his commentary, he writes,

“Various Charismatic groups try to argue that the ‘they’ of 2:1 includes the 120 mentioned in 1:15. They argue this because it is their contention that every Christian receives the baptism of the Holy Spirit. In response: (a) ‘the grammatical construction of 1:26 and 2:1 points only to the apostles as the recipients of the baptism with the Holy Spirit.’ The ‘they’ of 2:1 naturally refers back to the 12 apostles (the last group mentioned) in 1:26. (b) The only men speaking by inspiration upon this day will be the 12 apostles (2:14). (c) The crowd addressed their question to the apostles–inferring, they were the only ones manifesting that the Spirit had come upon them (2:37). (d) Only the apostles are working miracles (2:43; 3:1-6; 4:33; 5:12); until they lay their hands on others (Acts_6:6; Acts 6:8 ). (e) The assumption that every Christian was baptized in the Holy Spirit, is a false assumption to begin with (Acts 8:12-18; Acts 11:15-17; 1 Cor. 12:28-31).”⁵⁹

His arguments mirror those of other proponents of the apostles-only position, although he has introduced a few additional points. There is a lot to address here, but I will save my responses for the article’s exegetical section.

Let’s continue this conversation into the twenty-first century, Part Five. This will be the final part of the historical investigation on this matter.

1. Edward Michael Zerr is identified as born on October 15, 1877, in Strasburg, Illinois, and as dying on February 22, 1960, in memorial records and later biographical notices. These same notices report that he moved with his family to Missouri, was baptized at age seventeen, preached for many years, served as an elder in New Castle, Indiana, and spent more than seven years in full-time labor producing his six-volume Bible Commentary. Retail and publication summaries further describe him as having preached for 58 years, delivered more than 8,000 sermons, and contributed to several religious periodicals. ↩︎
2. E. M. Zerr, Bible Commentary, vol. 5, Matthew to Revelation (n.p.: Mission Messenger, 1952), comment on Acts 1:5. ↩︎
3. E. M. Zerr, Bible Commentary, vol. 5, Matthew to Revelation (n.p.: Mission Messenger, 1952), comment on Acts 2:1. ↩︎
4. Thomas Walker is identified as “Thomas Walker [1881–1950]” in the bibliographic records for The Acts of the Apostles. The Indian Church Commentaries (Madras: SPCK Depository, 1910) and Is Not This The Son of Joseph? An Exposition of the relevant chapters of the Gospels in the Light of Jewish Culture (London: James Clarke & Co., [1937]. ↩︎
5. T. Walker, The Acts of the Apostles (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1919), 16. ↩︎
6. Ibid., 27. ↩︎
7. James Burton Coffman Biography, ACU Press & Leafwood Publishers, accessed March 29, 2026; “James Burton Coffman Papers, 1901–1990,” finding aid, Center for Restoration Studies Archives, Abilene Christian University, published December 10, 2021; Staff Reports, “Minister Burton Coffman Dies at 101,” The Christian Chronicle, August 1, 2006; “Books Available—Coffman’s Commentaries on the Bible,” StudyLight.org, accessed March 29, 2026. ↩︎
8. James Burton Coffman, Coffman Commentaries, vol. 5, 37 vols. (Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University Press, 1974), notes on Acts 2. ↩︎
9. “Dupont, Jacques (1915–1998),” Bibliothèque nationale de France, which identifies him as a Benedictine of Saint-André de Clerlande, doctor of theology at Louvain in 1946, an exegete specializing in Acts, and a participant in the translation of the Bible de Jérusalem; see also Persée authority record, “Dupont, Jacques,” giving the same scholarly profile; and Mark Barnes, The Gift of Prophecy in the New Covenant, citing Jacques Dupont’s article “Le Salut des Gentils et la signification théologique du livre des Actes,” New Testament Studies 6 (1959–60): 132–55. ↩︎
10. Jacques Dupont, The Salvation of the Gentiles: Essays on the Acts of the Apostles. Translated by John R. Keating. New York: Paulist, 1979, 38. ↩︎
11. Donald F. DeWelt is identified as “Donald F. ‘Don’ DeWelt (1919–1991)” in memorial records, giving his birth and death dates as February 19, 1919, and June 12, 1991. Institutional histories further note that he taught at Ozark Bible College from 1957 to 1985 and founded College Press in 1959. His published works include Acts Made Actual and The Power of the Holy Spirit, the latter identifying him on its title page as “Professor at Ozark Bible College, Joplin, Missouri.” ↩︎
12. Don DeWelt, Acts Made Actual (Joplin, Missouri: College Press, 1958), p. 35. ↩︎
13. “Roy Gingrich,” Faithlife author profile, accessed April 6, 2026; “Roy Edward Gingrich Obituary,” Legacy.com (from The Commercial Appeal), published December 2005, accessed April 6, 2026.
    “Roy Gingrich’s Commentaries in Outline Form (100 vols.),” Logos, accessed April 6, 2026; Roy E. Gingrich, The New Testament Survey, Biblia preview, accessed April 6, 2026; Roy E. Gingrich, Introduction to Theology (Volume One), Biblia preview, accessed April 6, 2026; Roy E. Gingrich, “The Book of Genesis Introduction,” PDF hosted at Roy Gingrich Ministries, accessed April 6, 2026.
    Roy Gingrich Ministries, homepage, accessed April 6, 2026. ↩︎
14. Roy E. Gingrich, The Book of Acts (Memphis, TN: Riverside Printing, 2002), 9. ↩︎
15. “Missionary Baptist Seminary,” Encyclopedia of Arkansas, which identifies Albert Garner as a notable graduate, writer, debater, and founder of Florida Baptist Schools; and The Encyclopedia of Religious Debates, which lists “Albert Garner [Missionary Baptist Church], August 1, 1920 … August 23, 2007” and identifies him within the public debate tradition. ↩︎
16. Garner, Albert & Howes, J.C. “Commentary on Acts 1”. Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/ghb/acts-1.html. 1985. ↩︎
17. Langham Partnership, “About John Stott, Langham Partnership Founder,” accessed March 29, 2026; John Stott, “Life,” johnstott.org, accessed March 29, 2026; David Turner, “The Rev John Stott Obituary,” The Guardian, July 28, 2011; Lausanne Movement, “Story of Lausanne,” accessed March 29, 2026; InterVarsity Press, “John R. W. Stott,” author page, accessed March 29, 2026; InterVarsity Press, “Books by John Stott,” accessed March 29, 2026. ↩︎
18. John R. W. Stott, The Message of Acts: The Spirit, the Church & the World, The Bible Speaks Today (Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1994), 78. ↩︎
19. “Joe Hisle Obituary,” Legacy Remembers, published December 21, 2009, accessed April 6, 2026; Joe J. Hisle, A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles (Yukon, OK: Contending for the Faith Publications, 2002); Let No Man Despise Thy Youth (Sermons by Joe Hisle) (LaGrange, GA: Bible Way Publications), product description, Legacy Music Publishing, accessed April 6, 2026; “Sermons by Joe Hisle,” Ada Church of Christ, accessed April 6, 2026; “Joe Hisle,” Let the Bible Speak, accessed April 6, 2026. ↩︎
20. Joe J. Hisle, A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, Contending for the Faith (Yukon, OK: Contending for the Faith Publications, 2002), notes on Acts 2. ↩︎
21. Ibid., notes on Acts 1:8. ↩︎
22. Jay E. Adams, “Author Interview with Jay Adams,” P&R Publishing, February 20, 2015; Donn R. Arms, “Dr. Jay E. Adams,” Institute for Nouthetic Studies, August 17, 2023.
    Westminster Media, “Pastoral Theology,” accessed April 7, 2026; Christian Counseling & Educational Foundation, “Beliefs & History,” accessed April 7, 2026; Jay E. Adams, Competent to Counsel (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1970); Zondervan, “Jay E. Adams,” author page, accessed April 7, 2026d ↩︎
23. Jay E. Adams, Acts, The Christian Counselor’s Commentary (Cordova, TN: Institute for Nouthetic Studies, 2020), 8. ↩︎
24. “About – Norman Geisler,” Norman Geisler’s official website, which describes him as a prolific author, professor, philosopher, apologist, evangelist, and theologian; “A Personal Tribute to Dr. Norman Geisler,” Southern Evangelical Seminary, which highlights his institutional leadership and influence in evangelical apologetics; and “Who Was Norman Geisler?” GotQuestions, which summarizes his role as an architect of the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy and his major scholarly emphases. ↩︎
25. Norman Geisler, “Appendix One: Only the Apostles Spoke in Tongues at Pentecost,” in Systematic Theology: Church, Last Things, vol. 4, 4 vols. (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers, 2005), locations 17693, Kindle Edition; ↩︎
26. “Francis Nigel Lee Manuscript Collection – MS#099,” PCA Historical Center, which summarizes Lee’s birth in England, childhood move to South Africa, 1957 conversion, academic degrees, and later ministerial and teaching career; “Dr. Francis Nigel Lee,” Frontline Fellowship memorial notice, December 23, 2011; and “Francis Nigel Lee,” biographical summary. ↩︎
27. Francis Nigel Lee, “Calvinism on the Holy Spirit: John Calvin on the Constant Need to Keep on Being Filled with the Spirit” (Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Presbyterian Theological College, n.d.), accessed August 20, 2024, https://www.scribd.com/document/109894544/coths, 23. ↩︎
28. University of Aberdeen, “Rev Prof Howard Marshall,” News, December 17, 2015, accessed March 29, 2026; BiblicalTraining, “I. Howard Marshall,” professor profile, accessed March 29, 2026.
    Methodist-Wesley Research Centre, “Marshall,” accessed March 29, 2026; Eerdmans Publishing, “I. Howard Marshall,” author page, accessed March 29, 2026; InterVarsity Press, “I. Howard Marshall,” author page, accessed March 29, 2026; Eerdmans Publishing, The Gospel of Luke, book page, accessed March 29, 2026; InterVarsity Press, Acts, book page, accessed March 29, 2026.
    Ray Van Neste, “I. Howard Marshall, New Testament Scholar, Dies at 81,” The Gospel Coalition, December 12, 2015. ↩︎
29. I. Howard Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction and Commentary (India: Inter-Varsity Press, 1980), 68. ↩︎
30. Richard H. Snell is identified as the author of doctrinal and exegetical articles published by the Lexington Church of Christ, including “Who Were Baptized In The Holy Spirit On The Day Of Pentecost?” and “The Veil of the Tabernacle and the Great Controversy as Taught by E. G. White and the Seventh Day Adventists.” These sources establish him as a Church of Christ writer and Bible teacher. ↩︎
31. Richard H. Snell, “Who Were Baptized In The Holy Spirit On The Day Of Pentecost?” Church of Christ, https://www.churchofchristlexne.org/what-we-believe/baptism-of-spirit.html, accessed July 29, 2024. ↩︎
32. Ibid. ↩︎
33. “Truth Magazine Volume 40 – 1996,” Truth Magazine, accessed April 6, 2026; “Truth Magazine Volume 45 – 2001,” Truth Magazine, accessed April 6, 2026; Carl A. Allen, “Did 120 Receive the Baptism of the Holy Spirit in Acts 2:1-4?,” La Vista Church of Christ, September 19, 2007, accessed April 6, 2026. ↩︎
34.  Carl A. Allen, “Did 120 Receive the Baptism of the Holy Spirit in Acts 2:1-4?,” La Vista Church of Christ, 2007, https://www.lavistachurchofchrist.org/cms/did-120-receive-the-baptism-of-the-holy-spirit-in-acts-21-4/. ↩︎
35. Ibid. ↩︎
36. Ibid. ↩︎
37. “Theologian and Churchman Richard B. Gaffin Jr.,” New Horizons (Orthodox Presbyterian Church), which notes his birth in Peiping, China, in 1936, his missionary family background, and his long role in the life of the OPC; “The Rev. Dr. Richard B. Gaffin Jr.,” Ordained Servant (Orthodox Presbyterian Church), on his interwoven ministry with Westminster Theological Seminary and the OPC; and Westminster Theological Seminary media, describing him as Professor Emeritus of Biblical and Systematic Theology. ↩︎
38. Richard B. Gaffin Jr., Perspectives on Pentecost: Studies in the New Testament Teaching on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1979). ↩︎
39. Boyd Wayne Jackson, “Biography of Boyd Wayne Jackson,” Old Paths Archive, accessed April 7, 2026; “Wayne Jackson and members of the East Main Church of Christ in Stockton, California, launched the Christian Courier in May 1965,” Christian Courier, “About,” accessed April 7, 2026; Jackson, “Biography of Boyd Wayne Jackson.”
    Jackson, “Biography of Boyd Wayne Jackson.”; “On the Shelf: New items added to Center for Restoration Studies collections, March 2024,” Abilene Christian University Special Collections, June 11, 2024; Jackson, “Biography of Boyd Wayne Jackson.” ↩︎
40. Wayne Jackson, “The Holy Spirit and the Apostles,” Christian Courier, accessed August 31, 2024, https://christiancourier.com/articles/the-holy-spirit-and-the-apostles. ↩︎
41. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Southern Seminary Catalog, 2003–2004 (Louisville, KY: The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2003), 50; John B. Polhill, “The Setting of 2 John and 3 John,” Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 10, no. 3 (Fall 2006): 28; B&H Academic, “John Polhill,” contributor page, accessed March 29, 2026; Faithlife, “Paul and His Letters,” author information, accessed March 29, 2026.
    The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Southern Seminary Catalog, 2008–2009 (Louisville, KY: The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008), 43, 153. ↩︎
42. John B. Polhill, Acts, vol. 26, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1992), 97. ↩︎
43. Ron Graham, “Author of simplybible — Ron Graham,” Simply Bible, accessed April 9, 2026; Ron Graham, “Lessons Taught at Bundaberg — Period 2009–2017,” Simply Bible, accessed April 9, 2026; Ron Graham, “Acts Chapter One — Acts 1:1–8 Verse by Verse,” Simply Bible, accessed April 9, 2026; Ron Graham, “Topical Index,” Simply Bible, accessed April 9, 2026; Blacktown Church of Christ, “Bible Commentary Links,” accessed April 9, 2026. ↩︎
44. Ron Graham, Acts 2:1-13, Theological, SimplyBible.Com, last modified 2016, accessed October 12, 2024, https://www.simplybible.com/f007-acts-c2-v1-13.htm. ↩︎
45. Rogersville Church of Christ, “Windell Gann,” accessed April 6, 2026; Rogersville Church of Christ, “Bible Study Material,” accessed April 6, 2026; Windell Gann, “Windell Gann: Bible Study Resources,” accessed April 6, 2026; StudyLight.org, “Books Available—Gann’s Commentary on the Bible,” accessed April 6, 2026; Selected Histories of Fayette County Churches (Fayette County Public Library, n.d.), 20. ↩︎
46. Windell Gann, “Commentary on Acts 2:1,” StudyLight.Org, last modified 2021, accessed September 22, 2024, https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/gbc/acts-2.html. ↩︎
47. “Obituary for Dr. Grant R. Osborne,” Laura Sambrano Funeral Chapel, published November 2018; InterVarsity Press, “The Hermeneutical Spiral,” author and book page.
    Trinity International University, a news item referring to Osborne as a former TEDS professor; Tyndale House Publishers, “Grant R. Osborne, 1942–2018”; Tyndale, “Meet the Bible Translation Committee.”; Brill, On the Writing of New Testament Commentaries: Festschrift for Grant R. Osborne on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. ↩︎
48. Grant R. Osborne, Acts: Verse by Verse, Osborne New Testament Commentaries (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2019), 39–59. ↩︎
49. University of Edinburgh School of Divinity, “Professor Lee Martin McDonald,” accessed April 7, 2026; Lee Martin McDonald, author profile, AbeBooks, accessed April 7, 2026; Lee McDonald, faculty profile, Academia.edu, accessed April 7, 2026; Rob Heaton, “Lee Martin McDonald, Before There Was a Bible: Authorities in Early Christianity (T&T Clark, 2023),” New Books Network, May 26, 2023; Bloomsbury, “Lee Martin McDonald,” author page, accessed April 7, 2026; Lee Martin McDonald, “The Emergence of Biblical Canons in Orthodox Christianity,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Orthodox Christianity, Oxford Academic, published May 19, 2022. ↩︎
50. Lee Martin McDonald, Acts, in The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Acts–Philemon, ed. Craig A. Evans and Craig A. Bubeck, First Edition. (Colorado Springs, CO: David C Cook, 2004), 26–28. ↩︎
51. Moore Theological College, “The Rev Dr David G Peterson,” faculty profile, accessed April 7, 2026; David G. Peterson, “About,” David G. Peterson – Biblical Theology and Worship, accessed April 7, 2026; InterVarsity Press, “David G. Peterson,” author page, accessed April 7, 2026; David Peterson, The Acts of the Apostles (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), author description; Google Books bibliographic entry; Credo Magazine, “David Peterson on the New Covenant,” September 2012, accessed April 7, 2026. ↩︎
52. David G. Peterson, The Acts of the Apostles, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI; Nottingham, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009), 132. ↩︎
53. Ben Witherington III, “Curriculum Vitae,” Dr. Ben Witherington III, accessed March 29, 2026; Asbury Theological Seminary, “Dr. Ben Witherington III,” accessed March 29, 2026; Ben Witherington III, “About Dr. Ben,” Dr. Ben Witherington III, accessed March 29, 2026; Eerdmans Publishing, “Ben Witherington III,” accessed March 29, 2026. ↩︎
54. Ben Witherington III, The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1998). (Kindle Locations 4382-4385). Kindle Edition. ↩︎
55. Apologetics Press, “Dave Miller,” author profile, accessed April 6, 2026; Apologetics Press, “AP Staff Spotlight: Dr. Dave Miller, AP Bible Department,” published October 1, 2025, accessed April 6, 2026; Apologetics Press, “New Executive Director of AP,” published August 10, 2023, accessed April 6, 2026; Dave Miller, The Quran Unveiled (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press, 2005), Library of Congress cataloging data identifying the author as “Dave Miller (1953–); ”Dave Miller, What the Bible Says About the Church of Christ (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press, 2007), Library of Congress cataloging data; Dave Miller, Surrendering to His Lordship (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press, 2012); Apologetics Press, “Free PDF Books,” accessed April 6, 2026.
    Apologetics Press Store, “Why People Suffer,” accessed April 6, 2026. ↩︎
56. Dave Miller, “Modern-Day Miracles, Tongue-Speaking, and Holy Spirit Baptism: A Refutation-EXTENDED,” Reason & Revelation 23, no. 3 (2003). ↩︎
57. “About Our Ministry,” Discernment Ministries International; “Blessing or Judgment?: The Origins of Manifestations in the Church,” Amazon book listing, accessed April 9, 2026; “Truth Matters – Lunacy in Lakeland – by Rev. Robert S. Liichow,” repost introduction, August 14, 2008, accessed April 9, 2026; Robert Liichow, Blessing or Judgment? The Origins of Manifestations in the Church (2002); Paul Fahy, The Charismatic Catastrophe, citing Robert S. Liichow, The Two Roots of Today’s Revival (Morris Publishing, 1997); “Donna L. (Liichow) Hurlbert Obituary,” Heffner Funeral Chapel & Crematory, February 15, 2014. ↩︎
58. Liichow, Robert. “Supernatural Speech in Acts.” Truth Matters (Detroit, MI), October 2013. ↩︎
59. StudyLight.org, “Books Available—Dunagan’s Commentary on the Bible,” accessed March 29, 2026, https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dun.html; StudyLight.org, “Comprehensive Overview of the Bible Commentaries available FREELY on StudyLight.org!,” accessed March 29, 2026, https://www.studylight.org/commentaries.html; Nomads You & I, “Mark Dunagan’s Free Biblical Resources,” accessed March 29, 2026, https://nomadsyouandi.com/pages/mark-dunagans-bible-commentaries; Nomads You & I, “Nomads You and I – Mark and Cindy Dunagan – Podcast,” accessed March 29, 2026, https://nomadsyouandi.com/; Fortress Christian School, “Chapel Guest Speaker – Mark Dunagan,” Facebook post snippet surfaced in search results, accessed March 29, 2026. ↩︎
60. Dunagan, Mark. “Commentary on Acts 2”. “Dunagan’s Commentaries on the Bible,” accessed March 29, 2026. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dun/acts-2.html. 1999-2014 ↩︎